{"schema":"threatline.record/2","record":{"id":"CVE-2026-61428","aliases":["GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","PYSEC-2026-4259"],"summary":"PraisonAI: AgentMail webhook lacks signature verification, allowing unauthenticated message injection and sender spoofing","details":"## Summary\n\nPraisonAI's AgentMail bot, when run in webhook (or hybrid) mode, starts an aiohttp webhook server bound to `0.0.0.0` and processes inbound `message.received` events **without verifying any signature/HMAC and without authentication**. The sender address and message body are taken directly from the attacker-controlled request body, so any network peer can inject messages into the agent with a spoofed sender (bypassing sender allow/block lists) and have the agent process the content and reply to an attacker-chosen address. Sibling bots (`linear.py`, `whatsapp.py`) fail closed when no secret is configured; AgentMail omits the check entirely. Runtime-confirmed; severity Medium.\n\n## Details\n\n### Affected component\n- Package: `praisonai` 4.6.63. File: `src/praisonai/praisonai/bots/agentmail.py` (`AgentMailBot`, webhook/hybrid mode).\n\n### Vulnerable code / root cause\n\nPath:\n`src/praisonai/praisonai/bots/agentmail.py`\n\nFunction:\n`_start_webhook_mode` / `_handle_email_webhook` / `_handle_message`\n\nSnippet:\n```python\n# _start_webhook_mode: binds all interfaces\nself._webhook_site = web.TCPSite(self._webhook_runner, \"0.0.0.0\", self._webhook_port)\n\n# _handle_email_webhook: no signature/HMAC check, no auth\nbody = await request.json()\nif body.get(\"type\") != \"message.received\":\n    return web.Response(status=200, text=\"OK\")\nasyncio.create_task(self._process_webhook_payload(body))   # dispatch attacker body\nreturn web.Response(status=200, text=\"OK\")\n\n# _handle_message: agent processes content, replies to attacker-controlled sender\nresponse = await self._session.chat(self._agent, sender_id, body, ...)\nawait self.send_message(channel_id=sender_id, ...)\n```\nIssue: attacker-controlled input is the raw webhook JSON (`from`, `extracted_text`, `subject`). The guard that *should* exist is provider signature verification — there is **none** here (no svix/HMAC, no `webhooks_require_verification()` call). The sink is `self._session.chat(self._agent, ...)` (agent invocation) and `send_message(channel_id=sender_id, ...)` (reply to the spoofed sender). Sibling handlers `src/praisonai/praisonai/bots/linear.py` and `bots/whatsapp.py` call `webhooks_require_verification()` and reject when no secret is set — AgentMail does not, so it fails open.\n\n### Attack flow\n1. Operator runs the AgentMail bot in webhook/hybrid mode (documented; binds `0.0.0.0`, default path `/webhook`, default port 8080).\n2. Attacker POSTs a crafted `message.received` event with a spoofed `from` and arbitrary `extracted_text`.\n3. The agent processes the content; any reply is sent to the attacker-chosen `sender_id`.\n\n### Why existing protection is bypassed\nThere is no protection on this handler: no signature verification, no `webhooks_require_verification()` gate, no auth. Sender allow/block lists are bypassed because `from` is attacker-controlled.\n\n### Security boundary\nUnauthenticated network peer → agent message pipeline + reply destination. Crosses the bot's inbound trust boundary (provider webhooks are expected to be signed/authenticated).\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n### Environment\nReal `AgentMailBot._handle_email_webhook` mounted in a local runtime (`127.0.0.1:18080`); the agent layer is a canary recorder (`/webhook-log`). No real email is sent. Runnable assets: `PraisonAI-Runtime-Repro\\runtime-files\\`.\n\n### Steps to reproduce\n1. `PRAI-03-01-Webhook-Spoofed-Sender`:\n```http\nPOST /webhook HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:18080\nContent-Type: application/json\n\n{\"type\":\"message.received\",\"data\":{\"from\":\"attacker@evil.example\",\"extracted_text\":\"PRAISONAI_WEBHOOK_INJECT_CANARY_7f3a91 ...\",\"subject\":\"hello\",\"headers\":{}}}\n```\n2. `PRAI-03-02-Agent-Reached-Response`: `GET /webhook-log`.\n\n### Expected result\nThe webhook should reject unsigned/unauthenticated events; spoofed senders should not reach the agent.\n\n### Actual result\n- `POST /webhook` → `200 OK` (no auth/signature).\n- `GET /webhook-log` → `{\"reached_agent\":[{\"sender\":\"attacker@evil.example\",\"content\":\"...PRAISONAI_WEBHOOK_INJECT_CANARY_7f3a91...\",\"source\":\"webhook\"}],\"count\":1}`.\n\n## Impact\nUnauthenticated message injection into the agent; sender spoofing (access-control bypass); agent reply/exfiltration to an attacker-chosen address; prompt-injection surface; LLM cost abuse. If the agent has dangerous tools, escalation via prompt injection is possible.","categories":["Libraries & packages"],"product":"praisonai","vendor":"MervinPraison","ecosystem":"pip","affected_ranges":[{"source":"GitHub Advisory Database","source_url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","source_modified_at":"2026-10-07T14:06:56Z","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:42:43.628194Z","package":{"ecosystem":"pip","name":"praisonai"},"range":"<= 4.6.77"},{"source":"CVE List","source_url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-61428","source_modified_at":"2026-07-13T16:10:29.816Z","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:45:31.882637Z","product":"PraisonAI","vendor":"MervinPraison","versions":[{"lessThan":"4.6.78","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"semver"},{"status":"unaffected","version":"4.6.78","versionType":"semver"}],"defaultStatus":"unaffected"},{"source":"OSV","source_url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","source_modified_at":"2026-10-15T14:56:06.270847897Z","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:48:36.087640Z","package":{"name":"praisonai","ecosystem":"PyPI","purl":"pkg:pypi/praisonai"},"ranges":[{"type":"ECOSYSTEM","events":[{"introduced":"0"},{"fixed":"4.6.78"}]}],"versions":["0.0.1","0.0.10","0.0.11","0.0.12","0.0.13","0.0.14","0.0.15","0.0.16","0.0.17","0.0.18","0.0.19","0.0.2","0.0.20","0.0.21","0.0.22","0.0.23","0.0.24","0.0.25","0.0.26","0.0.27","0.0.28","0.0.29","0.0.3","0.0.30","0.0.31","0.0.32","0.0.33","0.0.34","0.0.35","0.0.36","0.0.37","0.0.38","0.0.39","0.0.4","0.0.40","0.0.41","0.0.42","0.0.43","0.0.44","0.0.45","0.0.46","0.0.47","0.0.48","0.0.49","0.0.5","0.0.50","0.0.52","0.0.53","0.0.54","0.0.55"]}],"fixed_versions":[{"source":"GitHub Advisory Database","source_url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","source_modified_at":"2026-10-07T14:06:56Z","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:42:43.628194Z","package":{"ecosystem":"pip","name":"praisonai"},"version":"4.6.78"},{"source":"CVE List","source_url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-61428","source_modified_at":"2026-07-13T16:10:29.816Z","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:45:31.882637Z","package":{"name":"PraisonAI","ecosystem":null},"version":"4.6.78","basis":"first unaffected version stated in the CVE record"},{"source":"OSV","source_url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","source_modified_at":"2026-10-15T14:56:06.270847897Z","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:48:36.087640Z","package":{"name":"praisonai","ecosystem":"PyPI","purl":"pkg:pypi/praisonai"},"version":"4.6.78"}],"cvss":7.3,"severity":"High","kev":{"listed":false},"epss":{"probability":0.00373,"percentile":0.30029,"score_date":"2026-10-23"},"published_at":"2026-07-11T13:01:01.759Z","modified_at":"2026-10-15T14:56:06.270847897Z","provenance":[{"source":"GitHub Advisory Database","url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:42:43.628194Z","source_modified_at":"2026-10-07T14:06:56Z"},{"source":"CVE List","url":"https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-61428","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:45:31.882637Z","source_modified_at":"2026-07-13T16:10:29.816Z"},{"source":"OSV","url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:48:36.087640Z","source_modified_at":"2026-10-15T14:56:06.270847897Z"},{"source":"EPSS","url":"https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-61428","fetched_at":"2026-10-23T18:42:43.628194Z","source_modified_at":"2026-10-23"}],"sources":["GitHub Advisory Database","CVE List","OSV","EPSS"],"references":[{"source":"CVE List","url":"https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/security/advisories/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","tags":["exploit"]},{"url":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-61428","source":"GitHub Advisory Database"},{"source":"CVE List","url":"https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/praisonai-agentmail-before-message-injection-via-webhook","tags":["third-party-advisory"]},{"url":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-qj9c-59p6-8cgx","source":"GitHub Advisory Database"}],"locations":[],"motoko_assessment":{"status":"requires_architecture_review","automatic_remediation":false},"cve_state":"PUBLISHED","ssvc":{"exploitation":"poc","automatable":"yes","technical_impact":"partial","assessed_at":"2026-07-13T16:10:26.374722Z"},"classification":{"method":"product-first software-layer rules","rules_version":"2.1","matched_on":"ecosystem","confidence":"heuristic","reviewed":false},"change_timestamp":"2026-10-15T14:56:06.270847897Z","content_hash":"1ae42597a39d79be4cefbcd154670975186557d7314f6c64e7443330e7107b1a"}}